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Burn ISO to cd/DVD/BD linux command line

Linux Systems Guides
  • R

    There are still those times when {place whatever issue or project here} will require burning optical media, even a CD if you enjoy toying around with older, even ancient hardware.

    That said there are many GUI programs which can accomplish this. However that’s not always viable, or desired. Especially when you care more about the command line and keeping your brain from going sedentary, by constantly clicking a button and having something done for you. /snarky

    In this instance I’ll burn an ISO image of hdat2 to a cd from the command line using wodim on Debian.

    Install wodim:

    sudo apt-get install wodim

    Burn ISO to a cd:

    Find the drive name in which you will use to write the image: You can have a quick look at how to burn an ISO to USB which contains the same basic procedure for locating storage devices locally. Or continue on.

    Locate the device which you intend to use to burn by using the command:

    lsblk

    In this case the output is as follows:

    rick@deb:~$ lsblk
NAME                        MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE   MOUNTPOINT
sda                           8:0    0 465.8G  0 disk   
└─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume0    254:0    0 931.5G  0 dmraid 
  ├─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume01 254:1    0 893.8G  0 dmraid /
  └─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume05 254:2    0  37.7G  0 dmraid 
sdb                           8:16   0 465.8G  0 disk   
└─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume0    254:0    0 931.5G  0 dmraid 
  ├─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume01 254:1    0 893.8G  0 dmraid /
  └─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume05 254:2    0  37.7G  0 dmraid 
sdc                           8:32   0     2T  0 disk

    This shows two disks (sda & sdb) in raid form, as well as the optical device we will use (SDC)

    Next, Navigate to the directory of the ISO (not required but simplifies the command) many times in the downloads directory.

    Now we are ready to burn the ISO to cd.

    Type the following in command line:

    wodim -v dev=/dev/sr0 -eject -sao hdat2cd_51.iso

    Here is the output after hitting return:

    TOC Type: 1 = CD-ROM
scsidev: '/dev/sr0'
devname: '/dev/sr0'
scsibus: -2 target: -2 lun: -2
Linux sg driver version: 3.5.27
Wodim version: 1.1.11
SCSI buffer size: 64512
Device type    : Removable CD-ROM
Version        : 0
Response Format: 3
Capabilities   : 
Vendor_info    : 'ATAPI   '
Identification : 'iHAS324   A     '
Revision       : 'BL1A'
Device seems to be: Generic mmc2 DVD-R/DVD-RW.
Current: 0x000A (CD-RW)
Profile: 0x002B (DVD+R/DL) 
Profile: 0x001B (DVD+R) 
Profile: 0x001A (DVD+RW) 
Profile: 0x0016 (DVD-R/DL layer jump recording) 
Profile: 0x0015 (DVD-R/DL sequential recording) 
Profile: 0x0014 (DVD-RW sequential recording) 
Profile: 0x0013 (DVD-RW restricted overwrite) 
Profile: 0x0012 (DVD-RAM) 
Profile: 0x0011 (DVD-R sequential recording) 
Profile: 0x0010 (DVD-ROM) 
Profile: 0x000A (CD-RW) (current)
Profile: 0x0009 (CD-R) 
Profile: 0x0008 (CD-ROM) 
Profile: 0x0002 (Removable disk) 
Using generic SCSI-3/mmc   CD-R/CD-RW driver (mmc_cdr).
Driver flags   : MMC-3 SWABAUDIO BURNFREE FORCESPEED 
Supported modes: TAO PACKET SAO SAO/R96P SAO/R96R RAW/R16 RAW/R96P RAW/R96R
Drive buf size : 1275648 = 1245 KB
Beginning DMA speed test. Set CDR_NODMATEST environment variable if device
communication breaks or freezes immediately after that.
FIFO size      : 12582912 = 12288 KB
Track 01: data    13 MB        
Total size:       15 MB (01:34.97) = 7123 sectors
Lout start:       16 MB (01:36/73) = 7123 sectors
Current Secsize: 2048
ATIP info from disk:
  Indicated writing power: 3
  Reference speed: 6
  Is not unrestricted
  Is erasable
  Disk sub type: High speed Rewritable (CAV) media (1)
  ATIP start of lead in:  -11745 (97:25/30)
  ATIP start of lead out: 359848 (79:59/73)
  1T speed low:  4 1T speed high: 10
  2T speed low:  4 2T speed high:  0 (reserved val  6)
  power mult factor: 1 5
  recommended erase/write power: 5
  A1 values: 24 1A D8
  A2 values: 26 B2 4A
Disk type:    Phase change
Manuf. index: 40
Manufacturer: INFODISC Technology Co., Ltd.
Blocks total: 359848 Blocks current: 359848 Blocks remaining: 352725
Forcespeed is OFF.
Speed set to 1765 KB/s
Starting to write CD/DVD at speed  10.0 in real SAO mode for single session.
Last chance to quit, starting real write in    0 seconds. Operation starts.
Waiting for reader process to fill input buffer ... input buffer ready.
Performing OPC...
Sending CUE sheet...
Writing pregap for track 1 at -150
Starting new track at sector: 0
Track 01:   13 of   13 MB written (fifo 100%) [buf 100%]  10.6x.
Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 14587904/14587904 (7123 sectors).
Writing  time:   27.528s
Average write speed   3.9x.
Min drive buffer fill was 100%
Fixating...
Fixating time:   17.593s
BURN-Free was never needed.
wodim: fifo had 230 puts and 230 gets.
wodim: fifo was 0 times empty and 30 times full, min fill was 96%.

    As you can see, the -v flag (verbose) allows us to get a bit more data as the process is happening. Of course this particular image was only ~15MB, so the time was very short, larger images will of course take much longer.

    The burner door will open when the process is complete.

    To burn a DVD via command line : We’ll use a script called growisofs:

    sudo apt-get install growisofs

    Follow the same procedure to locate the proper device using the command:

    lsblk

    Move to the directory the ISO is located, and type:

    growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/sr0=hdat2cd_51.iso

    Fin

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1/1

Jul 30, 2016, 1:54 PM

FreeBSD Notes
  • R
    rick
    14 days ago

    Install Zabbix 7.2 repo

    wget https://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/7.2/release/debian/pool/main/z/zabbix-release/zabbix-release_latest_7.2+debian12_all.deb

    zab1.png

    dpkg -i zabbix-release_latest_7.2+debian12_all.deb

    zab2.png

    Update repos

    apt update

    zab3.png

    Install Zabbix server and frontend

    apt install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-frontend-php zabbix-nginx-conf zabbix-sql-scripts zabbix-agent2

    zab4.png

    Install plugins

    apt install zabbix-agent2-plugin-mongodb zabbix-agent2-plugin-mssql zabbix-agent2-plugin-postgresql

    zab5.png

    Install mysql

    wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config_0.8.30-1_all.deb

    zab-6sql.png

    sudo dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.8.30-1_all.deb

    Error on this new install, where lsb-release is not installed

    zab7sql-error.png

    apt-get install lsb-release

    zab7lsb.png

    Try again…

    dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.8.30-1_all.deb

    Error, gnupg not installed

    zab7gnupgerror.png

    apt install gnupg2

    zab7gnupg2.png

    Give it another go…

    dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.8.30-1_all.deb

    zab7sqltui.png

    zab7sql.png

    I had to list upgradable packages :

    apt-list --upgradable

    Which spit out : mysql-common/unknown 8.4.4-1debian12 all [upgradable from: 5.8+1.1.0]

    Then installed mysql-common

    apt-get install mysql-common

    zabbix-7-sqlgoofs.png

    Had to uninstall Mariadb to resolve these conflicts

    apt remove mariadb-client-core

    Then install mysql-server:

    apt install mysql-server

    zab7-sql-common.png

    zab7-sql-rootpass.png

    Enter your password, twice

    Now enter mysql by typing :

    mysql -u root -p

    zab7-mysql-enter.png

    Enter the following command individually Where ‘password’ is where you type in your actual own password

    mysql> create database zabbix character set utf8mb4 collate utf8mb4_bin; mysql> create user zabbix@localhost identified by 'password'; mysql> grant all privileges on zabbix.* to zabbix@localhost; mysql> set global log_bin_trust_function_creators = 1; mysql> quit;

    Populate the database with zabbix script

    zcat /usr/share/zabbix/sql-scripts/mysql/server.sql.gz | mysql --default-character-set=utf8mb4 -uzabbix -p zabbix mysql --u root -p set global log_bin_trust_function_creators = 0; quit;

    Edit file /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf You can use nano

    nano /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf

    Uncomment the DBPassword section, and type your password

    zabbix-dbpassword.png

    Then hold ctrl and tap x, it will ask if you want to save changes.

    Enable services:

    systemctl enable zabbix-server zabbix-agent2 nginx php8.2-fpm systemctl restart zabbix-server zabbix-agent2 nginx php8.2-fpm

    Check that zabbix service has started

    journalctl -xeu zabbix-server.service

    zabbix7startjob.png

    Delete the 'default site in nginx

    sudo rm -rf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default

    Make sure the symbolic link to the zabbix nginx file is present

    ln -s /etc/zabbix/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/zabbix.conf

    Check that the zabbix nginx file is in the includes in nginx config

    nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

    Look for :

    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*

    Now restart nginx

    systemctl restart nginx

    Hit the browser and type in the IP (or URL that you may have put in the zabbix nginx config file)

    zabbix.png

    Make sure to configure locales

    zabbix-locales.png

    sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales

    zabbixlocalestui.png

    zabbix-locales-2.png

    zabbix-locales-command.png

    Reboot the system

    sudo shutdown -r now

    zabbix-utf.png

    Add your database password

    zabbix-db.png

    Add a server name

    zabbix-servername.png

    zabbix-summary.png

    zabbix-config.png

    The default username is Admin, and the password is zabbix

    zabbix-home.png

    read more
  • R
    rick
    Nov 3, 2024, 7:29 PM
    Unable to negotiate with 10.10.1.35 port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss

    While attempting ssh this error is generally due to mismatched versions of ssh, where an up to date version is attempting to access an older version

    Add the following to your command :

    The proper way:

    ssh -o KexAlgorithms=diffie-hellman-group14-sha1 -oHostKeyAlgorithms=+ssh-dss 10.10.1.35

    The cheap way:

    Example :

    ssh -oHostKeyAlgorithms=+ssh-dss 10.10.1.35

    or ssh -oHostKeyAlgorithms=+ssh-dss user@10.10.1.35

    This can be added to the ~/.ssh/config file

    Host my-server HostName 10.10.1.35 HostKeyAlgorithms=+ssh-dss
    read more
  • R
    rick
    Jun 30, 2024, 10:07 PM

    Locate hard drive and get information

    ls -l /sys/block | grep sd.

    Output:

    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jun 22 06:28 sda -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/ata1/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jun 22 06:28 sdb -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/ata2/host1/target1:0:0/1:0:0:0/block/sdb lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jun 22 06:28 sdc -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/ata3/host2/target2:0:0/2:0:0:0/block/sdc lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jun 22 06:28 sdd -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/ata4/host3/target3:0:0/3:0:0:0/block/sdd

    Or for a more detailed view

    strace -e trace=open lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS sda 8:0 0 3.6T 0 disk ├─data--2-data--2_tmeta 252:3 0 15.9G 0 lvm │ └─data--2-data--2-tpool 252:9 0 3.6T 0 lvm │ ├─data--2-data--2 252:10 0 3.6T 1 lvm │ ├─data--2-vm--101--disk--0 252:11 0 8G 0 lvm │ ├─data--2-vm--103--disk--0 252:12 0 32G 0 lvm │ ├─data--2-vm--107--disk--0 252:13 0 500G 0 lvm │ └─data--2-vm--108--disk--0 252:20 0 100G 0 lvm └─data--2-data--2_tdata 252:6 0 3.6T 0 lvm └─data--2-data--2-tpool 252:9 0 3.6T 0 lvm ├─data--2-data--2 252:10 0 3.6T 1 lvm ├─data--2-vm--101--disk--0 252:11 0 8G 0 lvm ├─data--2-vm--103--disk--0 252:12 0 32G 0 lvm ├─data--2-vm--107--disk--0 252:13 0 500G 0 lvm └─data--2-vm--108--disk--0 252:20 0 100G 0 lvm sdb 8:16 0 698.6G 0 disk └─sdb1 8:17 0 698.6G 0 part /mnt/pve/backups sdc 8:32 0 3.6T 0 disk ├─vm--data-vm--data_tmeta 252:4 0 15.9G 0 lvm │ └─vm--data-vm--data-tpool 252:14 0 3.6T 0 lvm │ ├─vm--data-vm--data 252:15 0 3.6T 1 lvm │ ├─vm--data-vm--100--disk--0 252:16 0 270G 0 lvm │ ├─vm--data-vm--102--disk--0 252:17 0 100G 0 lvm │ ├─vm--data-vm--104--disk--0 252:18 0 25G 0 lvm │ └─vm--data-vm--106--disk--0 252:19 0 32G 0 lvm └─vm--data-vm--data_tdata 252:7 0 3.6T 0 lvm └─vm--data-vm--data-tpool 252:14 0 3.6T 0 lvm ├─vm--data-vm--data 252:15 0 3.6T 1 lvm ├─vm--data-vm--100--disk--0 252:16 0 270G 0 lvm ├─vm--data-vm--102--disk--0 252:17 0 100G 0 lvm ├─vm--data-vm--104--disk--0 252:18 0 25G 0 lvm └─vm--data-vm--106--disk--0 252:19 0 32G 0 lvm sdd 8:48 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sdd1 8:49 0 1007K 0 part ├─sdd2 8:50 0 1G 0 part └─sdd3 8:51 0 930.5G 0 part ├─pve-swap 252:0 0 8G 0 lvm [SWAP] ├─pve-root 252:1 0 96G 0 lvm / ├─pve-data_tmeta 252:2 0 8.1G 0 lvm │ └─pve-data 252:8 0 794.3G 0 lvm └─pve-data_tdata 252:5 0 794.3G 0 lvm └─pve-data 252:8 0 794.3G 0 lvm +++ exited with 0 +++ cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 3907018584 sda 8 16 732574584 sdb 8 17 732572672 sdb1 8 32 3907018584 sdc 8 48 976762584 sdd 8 49 1007 sdd1 8 50 1048576 sdd2 8 51 975712967 sdd3 252 0 8388608 dm-0 252 1 100663296 dm-1 252 2 8495104 dm-2 252 3 16650240 dm-3 252 4 16650240 dm-4 252 6 3873329152 dm-6 252 5 832888832 dm-5 252 7 3873329152 dm-7 252 8 832888832 dm-8 252 9 3873329152 dm-9 252 10 3873329152 dm-10 252 11 8388608 dm-11 252 12 33554432 dm-12 252 13 524288000 dm-13 252 14 3873329152 dm-14 252 15 3873329152 dm-15 252 16 283115520 dm-16 252 17 104857600 dm-17 252 18 26214400 dm-18 252 19 33554432 dm-19 252 20 104857600 dm-20

    Locate drive by serial and model information

    hdparm -i /dev/sda /dev/sda: Model=WDC WD4000FYYZ-05UL1B0, FwRev=00.0NS05, SerialNo=WD-WCC132262513 Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec SpinMotCtl Fixed DTR>5Mbs FmtGapReq } RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=0 BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=unknown, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=off CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=7814037168 IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120} PIO modes: pio0 pio3 pio4 DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6 AdvancedPM=yes: unknown setting WriteCache=disabled Drive conforms to: Unspecified: ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6,7 * signifies the current active mode
    read more
  • R
    rick
    Mar 24, 2024, 5:24 PM

    Screen recording can use webm as their format, it can be more simple to use a gif to embed into a website or forum, than adding scripts to host different video format.

    In this case I grabbed a screen record of the progress for writing zeros to a hard drive with dd

    Use ffmpeg to convert webm to gif:

    First create a pallet:

    Move into the directory which the webm is located, or type in the path

    Where ‘dd.webm’ is the screen recording

    ffmpeg -y -i dd.webm -vf palettegen palette.png

    Output:

    dd-ffmpeg.png

    Then convert the webm to gif:

    ffmpeg -y -i dd.webm -i palette.png -filter_complex paletteuse -r 10 dd.gif

    dd-webm-2.png

    This is what I ended up with, looks like any image of any alien on the interwebz, as if shot through a potato, some tweaking of the command is in my future. None the less.

    dd.gif

    read more
  • R
    rick
    Mar 24, 2024, 4:44 PM

    Write zeros to all sectors

    Use the command ‘lsblk’ to find the drive you wish to erase

    I’m using ‘dd’ to erase things

    In this case I’m torching sdb

    Only use status=progress if you care it’s not necessary

    dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=12M status=progress

    dd.gif

    read more