FYI for FreeBSD the driver only supports block size chunks, therefore:
dd if=/dev/cd0 of=/name-the.iso bs=2048Burn ISO to cd/DVD/BD linux command line
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There are still those times when {place whatever issue or project here} will require burning optical media, even a CD if you enjoy toying around with older, even ancient hardware.
That said there are many GUI programs which can accomplish this. However that’s not always viable, or desired. Especially when you care more about the command line and keeping your brain from going sedentary, by constantly clicking a button and having something done for you. /snarky
In this instance I’ll burn an ISO image of hdat2 to a cd from the command line using wodim on Debian.
Install wodim:
sudo apt-get install wodim
Burn ISO to a cd:
Find the drive name in which you will use to write the image: You can have a quick look at how to burn an ISO to USB which contains the same basic procedure for locating storage devices locally. Or continue on.
Locate the device which you intend to use to burn by using the command:
lsblkIn this case the output is as follows:
rick@deb:~$ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk └─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume0 254:0 0 931.5G 0 dmraid ├─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume01 254:1 0 893.8G 0 dmraid / └─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume05 254:2 0 37.7G 0 dmraid sdb 8:16 0 465.8G 0 disk └─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume0 254:0 0 931.5G 0 dmraid ├─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume01 254:1 0 893.8G 0 dmraid / └─isw_ccheigfjba_Volume05 254:2 0 37.7G 0 dmraid sdc 8:32 0 2T 0 diskThis shows two disks (sda & sdb) in raid form, as well as the optical device we will use (SDC)
Next, Navigate to the directory of the ISO (not required but simplifies the command) many times in the downloads directory.
Now we are ready to burn the ISO to cd.
Type the following in command line:
wodim -v dev=/dev/sr0 -eject -sao hdat2cd_51.isoHere is the output after hitting return:
TOC Type: 1 = CD-ROM scsidev: '/dev/sr0' devname: '/dev/sr0' scsibus: -2 target: -2 lun: -2 Linux sg driver version: 3.5.27 Wodim version: 1.1.11 SCSI buffer size: 64512 Device type : Removable CD-ROM Version : 0 Response Format: 3 Capabilities : Vendor_info : 'ATAPI ' Identification : 'iHAS324 A ' Revision : 'BL1A' Device seems to be: Generic mmc2 DVD-R/DVD-RW. Current: 0x000A (CD-RW) Profile: 0x002B (DVD+R/DL) Profile: 0x001B (DVD+R) Profile: 0x001A (DVD+RW) Profile: 0x0016 (DVD-R/DL layer jump recording) Profile: 0x0015 (DVD-R/DL sequential recording) Profile: 0x0014 (DVD-RW sequential recording) Profile: 0x0013 (DVD-RW restricted overwrite) Profile: 0x0012 (DVD-RAM) Profile: 0x0011 (DVD-R sequential recording) Profile: 0x0010 (DVD-ROM) Profile: 0x000A (CD-RW) (current) Profile: 0x0009 (CD-R) Profile: 0x0008 (CD-ROM) Profile: 0x0002 (Removable disk) Using generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver (mmc_cdr). Driver flags : MMC-3 SWABAUDIO BURNFREE FORCESPEED Supported modes: TAO PACKET SAO SAO/R96P SAO/R96R RAW/R16 RAW/R96P RAW/R96R Drive buf size : 1275648 = 1245 KB Beginning DMA speed test. Set CDR_NODMATEST environment variable if device communication breaks or freezes immediately after that. FIFO size : 12582912 = 12288 KB Track 01: data 13 MB Total size: 15 MB (01:34.97) = 7123 sectors Lout start: 16 MB (01:36/73) = 7123 sectors Current Secsize: 2048 ATIP info from disk: Indicated writing power: 3 Reference speed: 6 Is not unrestricted Is erasable Disk sub type: High speed Rewritable (CAV) media (1) ATIP start of lead in: -11745 (97:25/30) ATIP start of lead out: 359848 (79:59/73) 1T speed low: 4 1T speed high: 10 2T speed low: 4 2T speed high: 0 (reserved val 6) power mult factor: 1 5 recommended erase/write power: 5 A1 values: 24 1A D8 A2 values: 26 B2 4A Disk type: Phase change Manuf. index: 40 Manufacturer: INFODISC Technology Co., Ltd. Blocks total: 359848 Blocks current: 359848 Blocks remaining: 352725 Forcespeed is OFF. Speed set to 1765 KB/s Starting to write CD/DVD at speed 10.0 in real SAO mode for single session. Last chance to quit, starting real write in 0 seconds. Operation starts. Waiting for reader process to fill input buffer ... input buffer ready. Performing OPC... Sending CUE sheet... Writing pregap for track 1 at -150 Starting new track at sector: 0 Track 01: 13 of 13 MB written (fifo 100%) [buf 100%] 10.6x. Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 14587904/14587904 (7123 sectors). Writing time: 27.528s Average write speed 3.9x. Min drive buffer fill was 100% Fixating... Fixating time: 17.593s BURN-Free was never needed. wodim: fifo had 230 puts and 230 gets. wodim: fifo was 0 times empty and 30 times full, min fill was 96%.As you can see, the -v flag (verbose) allows us to get a bit more data as the process is happening. Of course this particular image was only ~15MB, so the time was very short, larger images will of course take much longer.
The burner door will open when the process is complete.
To burn a DVD via command line : We’ll use a script called growisofs:
sudo apt-get install growisofsFollow the same procedure to locate the proper device using the command:
lsblkMove to the directory the ISO is located, and type:
growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/sr0=hdat2cd_51.isoFin
FreeBSD Notes
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Locate hard drive and get information
ls -l /sys/block | grep sd.Output:
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jun 22 06:28 sda -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/ata1/host0/target0:0:0/0:0:0:0/block/sda lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jun 22 06:28 sdb -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/ata2/host1/target1:0:0/1:0:0:0/block/sdb lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jun 22 06:28 sdc -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/ata3/host2/target2:0:0/2:0:0:0/block/sdc lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jun 22 06:28 sdd -> ../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/ata4/host3/target3:0:0/3:0:0:0/block/sddOr for a more detailed view
strace -e trace=open lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS sda 8:0 0 3.6T 0 disk ├─data--2-data--2_tmeta 252:3 0 15.9G 0 lvm │ └─data--2-data--2-tpool 252:9 0 3.6T 0 lvm │ ├─data--2-data--2 252:10 0 3.6T 1 lvm │ ├─data--2-vm--101--disk--0 252:11 0 8G 0 lvm │ ├─data--2-vm--103--disk--0 252:12 0 32G 0 lvm │ ├─data--2-vm--107--disk--0 252:13 0 500G 0 lvm │ └─data--2-vm--108--disk--0 252:20 0 100G 0 lvm └─data--2-data--2_tdata 252:6 0 3.6T 0 lvm └─data--2-data--2-tpool 252:9 0 3.6T 0 lvm ├─data--2-data--2 252:10 0 3.6T 1 lvm ├─data--2-vm--101--disk--0 252:11 0 8G 0 lvm ├─data--2-vm--103--disk--0 252:12 0 32G 0 lvm ├─data--2-vm--107--disk--0 252:13 0 500G 0 lvm └─data--2-vm--108--disk--0 252:20 0 100G 0 lvm sdb 8:16 0 698.6G 0 disk └─sdb1 8:17 0 698.6G 0 part /mnt/pve/backups sdc 8:32 0 3.6T 0 disk ├─vm--data-vm--data_tmeta 252:4 0 15.9G 0 lvm │ └─vm--data-vm--data-tpool 252:14 0 3.6T 0 lvm │ ├─vm--data-vm--data 252:15 0 3.6T 1 lvm │ ├─vm--data-vm--100--disk--0 252:16 0 270G 0 lvm │ ├─vm--data-vm--102--disk--0 252:17 0 100G 0 lvm │ ├─vm--data-vm--104--disk--0 252:18 0 25G 0 lvm │ └─vm--data-vm--106--disk--0 252:19 0 32G 0 lvm └─vm--data-vm--data_tdata 252:7 0 3.6T 0 lvm └─vm--data-vm--data-tpool 252:14 0 3.6T 0 lvm ├─vm--data-vm--data 252:15 0 3.6T 1 lvm ├─vm--data-vm--100--disk--0 252:16 0 270G 0 lvm ├─vm--data-vm--102--disk--0 252:17 0 100G 0 lvm ├─vm--data-vm--104--disk--0 252:18 0 25G 0 lvm └─vm--data-vm--106--disk--0 252:19 0 32G 0 lvm sdd 8:48 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sdd1 8:49 0 1007K 0 part ├─sdd2 8:50 0 1G 0 part └─sdd3 8:51 0 930.5G 0 part ├─pve-swap 252:0 0 8G 0 lvm [SWAP] ├─pve-root 252:1 0 96G 0 lvm / ├─pve-data_tmeta 252:2 0 8.1G 0 lvm │ └─pve-data 252:8 0 794.3G 0 lvm └─pve-data_tdata 252:5 0 794.3G 0 lvm └─pve-data 252:8 0 794.3G 0 lvm +++ exited with 0 +++ cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 3907018584 sda 8 16 732574584 sdb 8 17 732572672 sdb1 8 32 3907018584 sdc 8 48 976762584 sdd 8 49 1007 sdd1 8 50 1048576 sdd2 8 51 975712967 sdd3 252 0 8388608 dm-0 252 1 100663296 dm-1 252 2 8495104 dm-2 252 3 16650240 dm-3 252 4 16650240 dm-4 252 6 3873329152 dm-6 252 5 832888832 dm-5 252 7 3873329152 dm-7 252 8 832888832 dm-8 252 9 3873329152 dm-9 252 10 3873329152 dm-10 252 11 8388608 dm-11 252 12 33554432 dm-12 252 13 524288000 dm-13 252 14 3873329152 dm-14 252 15 3873329152 dm-15 252 16 283115520 dm-16 252 17 104857600 dm-17 252 18 26214400 dm-18 252 19 33554432 dm-19 252 20 104857600 dm-20Locate drive by serial and model information
hdparm -i /dev/sda /dev/sda: Model=WDC WD4000FYYZ-05UL1B0, FwRev=00.0NS05, SerialNo=WD-WCC132262513 Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec SpinMotCtl Fixed DTR>5Mbs FmtGapReq } RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=0 BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=unknown, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=off CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=7814037168 IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120} PIO modes: pio0 pio3 pio4 DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6 AdvancedPM=yes: unknown setting WriteCache=disabled Drive conforms to: Unspecified: ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6,7 * signifies the current active mode
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Screen recording can use webm as their format, it can be more simple to use a gif to embed into a website or forum, than adding scripts to host different video format.
In this case I grabbed a screen record of the progress for writing zeros to a hard drive with dd
Use ffmpeg to convert webm to gif:
First create a pallet:
Move into the directory which the webm is located, or type in the path
Where ‘dd.webm’ is the screen recording
ffmpeg -y -i dd.webm -vf palettegen palette.pngOutput:
Then convert the webm to gif:
ffmpeg -y -i dd.webm -i palette.png -filter_complex paletteuse -r 10 dd.gif
This is what I ended up with, looks like any image of any alien on the interwebz, as if shot through a potato, some tweaking of the command is in my future. None the less.
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Write zeros to all sectors
Use the command ‘lsblk’ to find the drive you wish to erase
I’m using ‘dd’ to erase things
In this case I’m torching sdb
Only use status=progress if you care it’s not necessary
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=12M status=progress
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Remove old kernel images that are cluttering the system
Most of these errors are due to low or not enough space left in the root partition.
If you are using a Debian flavor:
sudo apt-get autoremove --purge
Inform grub whenever an old kernel is removed:
update-grub
Remove the un-used kernel config files:
These will be the files pre cursed as ‘rc’ where installed kernels use ‘ii’
… As well as files no longer used or required due to dependencies
This command will detect, print, and remove left over cruft from previously installed packages or scripts, that have been removed or updated.
sudo dpkg --purge $(dpkg -l | awk '/^rc/{print $2}')
You can re-run the following to view the installed kernel(s):
dpkg --list | grep linux-image
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To list all files in current directory including dot files (hidden files or directories), as well as print permissions :
ls -la